Table II
Aggressiveness of bark beetles species highly associated with fungi, and the ability of their main associated fungal species to stimulate host tree defenses. H = high; M = moderate; L = low.
| Observation/ | Beetle species | Beetle | Main fungal species stimulating tree defenses after low | References / ability to |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| prediction | and host tree | aggressiveness | density inoculations, and level of stimulation (H, M, L) | stimulate tree defenses |
| Observation | D. frontalis | H | O. minus (H) | 2, 3, 10, 15 |
| (pines) | ||||
| D. ponderosae | H | G. clavigera (H), O. longiclavatum (H), O. montium (M) | 13, 14, 17 | |
| (pines) | ||||
| D. jeffreyi | H | G. clavigera (H) | 17 | |
| (Jeffrey pine) | ||||
| D. pseudotsugae | H | O. europhioides (H), | 18 | |
| (Douglas fir) | O. pseudotsugae(H) | |||
| S. ventralis | H | A. symbioticum (H) | 19 | |
| (Grant fir) | ||||
| I. typographus | H | O. penicillatum (H), C. polonica (H) | 4, 5, 16, | |
| (Norway spruce) | Ambrosiella sp. (H) | |||
| I. cembrae in UK | H | C. laricicola (H) | 12 | |
| (introduction area) | ||||
| (European larch) | ||||
|
|
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| Prediction | D. brevicomis | H | O. brevicomi (H) | |
| (pines) | ||||
| D. rufipennis (spruces) | H | L. abietinum (H) | ||
|
|
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| Observation | I. acuminatus | M | O. ips (M), O. brunneo-ciliatum (M) | 8 |
| (pines) | ||||
| I. sexdentatus | M | O. ips (M), O. brunneo-ciliatum (M) | 6, 7 | |
| (pines) | ||||
| O. erosus | M | O.ips (M) | 1, 9 | |
| (pines) | ||||
| I. pini | M | O. ips (M), O. nigrocarpum (L) | 11 | |
| (pines) | ||||
|
|
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| Prediction | I. cembrae in cont. | M | C. laricicola (M) | |
| Europe (area of origin) | or another species (M) | |||
| (European larch) | ||||
References regarding fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses: 1 = Ben Jamaa et al. (2007); 2 = Cook et al. (1986); 3 = Cook and Hain (1987); 4 = Krokene and Solheim (1997); 5 = Krokene and Solheim (1999); 6 = Lieutier et al. (1989b; 7 = Lieutier et al. (1990); 8 = Lieutier et al. (1991b); 9 = Lieutier et al. (2005); 10 = Paine and Stephen (1987); 11 = Raffa and Smalley (1988); 12 = Redfern et al. (1987); 13 = Rice et al. (2007a); 14 = Rice et al. (2007b); 15= Ross et al. (1992); 16 = Solheim (1988); 17 = Solheim and Krokene (1998a); 18 = Solheim and Krokene (1998b); 19 = Wong and Berryman (1977).