Influence of growth stresses and material properties on distortion of sawn timber – numerical investigation

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Figure 4

Definition of degrees of freedom used to calculate twist, bow and spring deformations.

Simulation of wood deformation processes in drying and other types of environmental loading*
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Characteristics of Timbers Dried Using Kiln Drying and Radio Frequency-Vacuum Drying Systems
MATEC Web of Conferences 108, 10001 (2017)