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Table I

Description of the different regeneration mechanisms.

Regeneration mechanism Characteristics
True seedling An individual of seed origin that was never affected by shoot dieback
Seedling sprout An individual of seed origin that was affected by shoot dieback, but resprouted from the root collar of the seedling
Root sucker An individual arising vertically from superficial lateral root
Coppice An individual arising from stumps of cut mature tree in response to logging or non-logging disturbances and
which root diameter exceeds 10 cm
Water sprout An individual developed from the base of alive mature tree
Layer An individual developed from low hanging lateral branch layers and arising from adventitious buds