Open Access
Issue |
Ann. For. Sci.
Volume 66, Number 8, December 2009
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | 815 | |
Number of page(s) | 11 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2009073 | |
Published online | 25 November 2009 |
- Asai T., 1997. Effect of varying thinning densities on tree growth in a Japanese birch forest. Hokkaido Branch Journal of Japanese Forest Research 45: 50–52 [Google Scholar]
- Assmann F., 1961. Waldertragskunde. Organische Produktion, Struktur, Zuwachs und Ertrag von Waldbeständen. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, 490 p [Google Scholar]
- Böttcher H., Freibauer A., Obersteiner M. and Schulze E.D., 2008. Uncertainty analysis of climate change mitigation options in the forestry sector using a generic carbon budget model. Ecol. Model. 213: 45–62 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Cochran P.H. and Dahms W.G., 2000. Growth of lodgepole pine thinned to various densities on two sites with differing productivities in central Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Research Papers RMRS, pp. 1–59 [Google Scholar]
- Coomes D.A. and Allen R.B., 2007. Mortality and tree-size distributions in natural mixed-age forests. J. Ecol. 95: 27–40 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Crookston N.L. and Dixon G.E., 2005. The forest vegetation simulator: A review of its structure, content, and applications. Comput. Electron. Agric. 49: 60–80 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Dewar R.C. and Porte A., 2008. Statistical mechanics unifies different ecological patterns. J. Theor. Biol. 251: 389–403 [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Franklin O., Moltchanova E., Obersteiner M., Kraxner F., Seidl R., Böttcher H. and Rokityianskiy D., 2009. A European scale forest growth and thinning model-deducing productivity and stand density from inventory data manuscript. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia O., 1990. Growth of Thinned and Pruned Stands. In New approaches to spacing and thinning in plantation forestry. Proceedings of a IUFRO symposium, Rotorua, New Zealand, April 1989, James R.N., Tarlton G.L. (Eds.)., New Zealand Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute. [Google Scholar]
- Hara T., 1993. Model of competition and size-structure dynamics in plant communities. Plant Species Biol. 8: 75–84 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Hasenauer H., 2006. Concepts within tree growth modeling. In: Hasenauer H. (Ed.), Sustainable Forest Management. Growth Models for Europe, Berlin, pp. 3–17 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Hynynen J., Ahtikoski A., Siitonen J., Sievänen R. and Liski J., 2005. Applying the MOTTI simulator to analyse the effects of alternative management schedules on timber and non-timber production. For. Ecol. Manage. 207: 5–18 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Hyytiäinen K., Hari P., Kokkila T., Maäkela A., Tahvonen O. and Taipale J., 2004. Connecting a process-based forest growth model to stand-level economic optimization. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 2060–2073 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Johnstone W.D., 2002. Thinning Lodgepole Pine in Southeastern British Columbia: 46-year Results. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C., Work. [Google Scholar]
- Keane R.E., Austin M., Field C., Huth A., Lexer M.J., Peters D., Solomon A. et al., 2001. Tree mortality in gap models: Application to climate change. Clim. Change 51: 509–540. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Kurz W.A. and Apps M.J., 1999. A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian Forest Sector. Ecol. Appl. 9: 526–547 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Long J.N., Dean T.J. and Roberts S.D., 2004. Linkages between silviculture and ecology: Examination of several important conceptual models. For. Ecol. Manage. 200: 249–261 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Mäkinen H. and Isomäki A., 2004. Thinning intensity and growth of Scots pine stands in Finland. For. Ecol. Manage. 201: 311–325 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Mason E.G. and Dzierzon H., 2006. Applications of modeling to vegetation management. Can. J. For. Res. 36: 2505–2514 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Medhurst J.L. and Beadle C.L., 2005. Photosynthetic capacity and foliar nitrogen distribution in Eucalyptus nitens is altered by high-intensity thinning. Tree Physiol. 25: 981–991 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Monserud R.A. and Sterba H., 1999. Modeling individual tree mortality for Austrian forest species. For. Ecol. Manage. 113: 109–123 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Montero G., Canellas I., Ortega C. and Del Rio M., 2001. Results from a thinning experiment in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) natural regeneration stand in the Sistema Iberico Mountain Range (Spain). For. Ecol. Manage. 145: 151–161 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Newnham R.M., 1964. The development of a stand model for Douglas fir. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 201 p [Google Scholar]
- Norgrove L. and Hauser S., 2002. Measured growth and tree biomass estimates of Terminalia ivorensis in the 3 years after thinning to different stand densities in an agrisilvicultural system in southern Cameroon. For. Ecol. Manage. 166: 261–270 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Omule S.A.Y., 1988. Growth and yield 35 years after commercially thinning 50-year-old Douglas-fir. Can. For. Serv. and B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C., FRDA Rep. 021: 7. [Google Scholar]
- Petritsch R., Hasenauer H. and Pietsch S.A., 2007. Incorporating forest growth response to thinning within biome-BGC. For. Ecol. Manage. 242: 324–336 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Pretzsch H., 2005. Stand density and growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): Evidence from long-term experimental plots. Eur. J. For. Res. 124:193–205 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Pukkala T., Miina J. and Palahi M., 2002. Thinning response and thinning bias in a young Scots pine stand. Silva Fenn. 36: 827–840 [Google Scholar]
- Reineke L.H., 1933. Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forests. J. Agric. Res. 46: 627–638 [Google Scholar]
- Schelhaas M.J., Eggers J., Lindner M., Nabuurs G.J., Pussinen A., Päivinen R., Schuck A., et al., 2007. Model documentation for the European Forest Information Scenario model (EFISCEN 3.1.3), EFI Technical Report. [Google Scholar]
- Seidl R., Lexer M.J., Jäger D. and Hönninger K., 2005. Evaluating the accuracy and generality of a hybrid patch model. Tree Physiol. 25: 939–951 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Seidl R., Rammer W., Lasch P., Badeck F.W. and Lexer M.J., 2008. Does conversion of even-aged, secondary coniferous forests affect carbon sequestration? A simulation study under changing environmental conditions. Silva Fenn. 42: 369–386 [Google Scholar]
- Seidl R., Rammer W. and Lexer M., 2009. Schätzung von Bodenmerkmalen und Modellparametern für die Waldökosystem- simulation auf Basis einer Großrauminventur. Allg. Forst-Jagdztg 180: 35–44 [Google Scholar]
- Siitonen M., Härkönen K., Kilpeläinen H., and Salminen O., 1999. MELA Handbook – 1999 edition. The Finnish Forest Research Institute. 492 p. [Google Scholar]
- Söderbergh I. and Ledermann T., 2003. Algorithms for simulating thinning and harvesting in five european individual-tree growth simulators: A review. Comput. Electron. Agric. 39: 115–140 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Sterba H. and Monserud R.A., 1997. Applicability of the forest stand growth simulator PROGNAUS for the Austrian part of the Bohemian Massif. Ecol. Model. 98: 23–34 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Tang S., Meng Chao H., Meng Fan R. and Wang Young H., 1994. A growth and self-thinning model for pure even-age stands: Theory and applications. For. Ecol. Manage. 70: 67–73 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Watanabe I., 2002. Thinning effect and crown dieback in a mature secondary stand of Betula maximowicziana established after fire. Bulletin of Hokkaido Forestry Research Institute, 39 p [Google Scholar]
- Weller D.E., 1987. A re-evaluation of the –3/2 power rule of plant self-thinning. Ecol. Monogr. 57: 23–43 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Wyckoff P.H. and Clark J.S., 2002. The relationship between growth and mortality for seven co-occurring tree species in the southern Appalachian Mountains. J. Ecol. 90: 604–615 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Zaehle S., Sitch S., Prentice I.C., Liski J., Cramer W., Erhard M., Hickler T., 2006. The importance of age-related decline in forest NPP for modeling regional carbon balances. Ecol. Appl. 16: 1555–1574. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zeide B., 2001. Natural thinning and environmental change: An ecological process model. For. Ecol. Manage. 154: 165–177 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Zeide B., 2004. Optimal stand density: A solution. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 846–854 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Zeide B., 2005. How to measure stand density. Trees 19: 1–14 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]