Spatial distribution of all live trees > 1 cm dbh and their relative canopy positions to F. mandshurica trees in a 5.2-hm² plot (260 m × 200 m). Solid and open circles represent female trees (n = 154) and male trees (n = 131) of F. mandshurica respectively; asterisks represent non-flowering trees (n = 487); and dots (n = 20177) represent other live trees > 1 cm dbh within research plot.